We are in the beginnings of the collapse of a fiat currency. Actually, it's the collapse of a type of credit that has been treated as though it was currency, but it's rise and fall closely mimics the natural history of fiat currencies. Back in the 19th century banks would issue their own currency, backed by government bonds that would be held as security by the Treasury Department. Starting in the 1990s, financial institutions began doing something like this again, although this time around the currency has been the triple-A rated tranches of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO). And, while our forbears in the 19th century could assure themselves that a bank note was supported by the credibility of the U.S. government, this new currency was backed by the paid-for opinion of the rating agencies.
Assured by Triple-A ratings that these instruments were money good and completely liquid, bankers thought they had discovered the philosopher's stone -- a risk-free, high-yielding asset -- and this new credit/money has found its way into every corner of the financial system from teacher's pensions to commercial paper to money market funds. Moreover, once the printers of this new fiat currency realized that there was an appetite for their product among yield-starved institutional investors, they did what every unrestrained ruler with a printing press has done since the dawn of money: they began minting more of it.
In this case, credit/money was inflated through the re-securitization of already securitized assets. The Mugabes of hyperinflation in this case were the rocket scientists in structured finance, and the Zimbabwian extreme are so-called synthetic CDOs, arcane confections which invest in tranches of CDOs. These "innovations" leverage the underlying subprime assets to dizzying multiples so that tens of billions of dollars in subprime originations might ultimately support of a trillion dollars in CDO tranches. At the tail end of this whip, tiny variances from the assumptions about the performance of the underlying assets can vaporize the value of these supposedly rock solid assets.
This new fiat currency exploded during the period of skyrocketing home price appreciation, but it should be noted that almost everything worked during that period. What securitizers and holders are discovering, however, is that a fiat currency rests on nothing more than the willingness of someone else to accept it. And, now that the market, most ominously the vast commercial paper market, has discovered that credit is not money, the contraction has begun. The question of the moment is whether anything can be done to slow it, much less stop it?
If the Federal Reserve lowers rates, it risks a precipitous fall in the dollar and a big rise in long term rates, which would only worsen the situation for over-indebted consumers and homeowners. Similar risks accompany other Fed strategies by which they might inject liquidity (the only reason that the euro did not fall more after the ECB's massive liquidity injection was that central bankers around the world were all doing the same thing).
Most likely, the best we can hope for is an orderly blood-letting with pain apportioned where it is deserved. The device that might help accomplish that might be a public-private corporation (largely funded by the big banks that promoted and profited from this mess) set-up to exchange currently illiquid CDO/MBS tranches for tradable notes in the enterprise. This will not solve the many other problems attending this credit contraction (including counter-party risk in the CDS market), but it will buy time, and time is everything when bills come due. We've done this before (Felix Rohayton's creation nicknamed Big MAC calmed markets during New York City's financial crisis in the 1970s), and it will help supply liquidity and price transparency in this vast market. A fix like this won't much reduce the pain for either investors or overstretched homeowners, but it could reduce the growing risk of panic, paralysis and systemic collapse. It will also minimize moral hazard by doling out financial punishment mostly to those who deserve it.