Last time, I talked about how to give your writing more impact by using nouns and verbs that represent objects and actions in the real world. It works because what moves us is emotion, and emotion is inherently physical.
Today we take that lesson to the next level: from nouns and verbs to metaphors, which use objects and actions to represent ideas.
That can make those ideas more vivid. For example, when Hamlet wonders if life is worth living:
...Whether 'tis Nobler in the mind to suffer
The Slings and Arrows of outrageous Fortune,
Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles...
The metaphor of "slings and arrows" has more force than just the idea of adversity: you can see the projectiles coming your way. So does "outrageous Fortune", which implies a being who can commit outrages. And the image of taking arms against a "sea of troubles" makes you see, and so feel, the futility.
OK, it works for Shakespeare, so it should work for everybody, right?
Hold on there.
Used effectively, metaphors can make ideas come to life. But used ineffectively, they can make a mental mess.
Consider this: "He unleashed a torrent of invective."
At first, that might seem fine. In fact, you've probably seen versions of this sentence in many places (that's because it's also a cliché, but we'll talk about that another time).
But ask yourself a question: Since when has a torrent, which is a fast-flowing river, worn a leash?
Am I just being pedantic? No, if you care about impact, this actually matters. Look at Shakespeare again: his battle imagery adds up -- even when he describes a hopeless fight against the ocean.
Remember, metaphors work by linking ideas to the physical world. That only works if the physical world still makes sense.
If not? At best, it momentarily draws attention away from your meaning and towards your writing technique. At worst, it encourages a deadness of thought, wherein readers don't even notice when you're talking nonsense.
Consider this, from page one of Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead:
His body leaned back against the sky. It was a body of long straight lines and angles, each curve broken into planes.
So he's only made of straight lines and angles. How can he also have curves -- and in what brand of geometry can curves be broken into planes? At the Red Pen of Doom, writing blogger Gary Bergstrom suggests, "Maybe the only other people in this book are Flat Stanley and the Blob."
For many years, the New Yorker curated mishaps like this in its "Block That Metaphor!" space-fillers. They're worth searching out, both for the humor and the education they offer. As in this one from the Oct. 16 & 23, 2000 issue (subscription required):
The coattails of a successful favorite son can serve as a ladder to lift all life with access into the perfumed White House atmosphere of perks and power.
Coattails that are also a ladder into the (perfumed) atmosphere?
Gonna need a lot of starch.
Here are the previous posts in this series:
(Part 1)
How to Write Fast & Well, Part 2: Know What the Heck You Mean
How to Write Both Fast and Well, Part 3: The 'One Point Rule'
How to Write Both Fast and Well, Part 4: Flip Your Pyramid
How to Write Both Fast & Well, Part 5: An Ancient Lesson in Three Acts
How to Write Fast and Well, Part 6: The Case of the Murdered Modifiers
How to Write Fast and Well, Part 7: Get Physical