Partners do not forget . . . but they forgive
Obviously, there are many types of relationship transgressions, of varying amounts of severity. And different types of transgressions mean very different things. Forgetting to pick up bread and milk at the store on the way home is far less significant than forgetting to pick up an important life sustaining prescription for your spouse.
Across the board, however, one of the most devastating relationship transgressions is infidelity. Yet many couples manage to overcome such betrayal; some even grow to have a stronger relationship. How do they do it? Research indicates the answer implicates two related concepts: relational commitment and the capacity to forgive.
Relational Commitment and Forgiveness
Ysseldyk and Wohl (2017) conducted two studies examining the relationship between relational commitment and transgression.[i] In an article aptly named “I Forgive Therefore I´m Committed,” they found the severity of the transgression to be linked with decreased commitment, although this relationship was mediated by forgiveness. The greater the amount of forgiveness, the less commitment loss.
They found that after a severe transgression, unforgiveness caused a decline in relational commitment. Forgiveness helps to preserve pre-offense commitment when relationships have suffered a severe transgression.
It is significant to note that although their research did not demonstrate that forgiveness increases relational commitment after a transgression, it apparently mitigates the damage by serving to slow a decline in commitment.
Previous research by Finkel et al. (2002) found a positive association between relational commitment and forgiveness.[ii] Their results also indicated that commitment inhibits destructive reactions to betrayal such as neglect or leaving the relationship, a result they note can be interpreted in the alternative, finding that low levels of commitment have no such inhibitory effect. They acknowledge the importance of this finding in light of prior evidence that destructive behaviors harm relationships more than constructive behaviors help them.
When it Comes to Forgiving Infidelity, Motive Matters
What are the causes of infidelity and does it matter? Research by Finkel et al. says yes. They found the commitment-forgiveness link was mediated by positive cognition, finding external explanations and extenuating circumstances to explain partner betrayal, rather then attributing the betrayal to internal causes.
They give examples of attributing a partner´s betrayal to situational variables or even to chance, rather than to more malevolent explanations such as intent or disposition. They explain that forgiving partners may be more willing to give a partner the benefit of the doubt, consider the circumstances surrounding the betrayal, or even accept some measure of personal responsibility for the incident.
Do these behaviors make victims enablers? Although this is clearly another avenue of important research, it is significant to note that apparently, systematic external processing of betrayal facilitates forgiveness.
And let us not forget that men and women view infidelity differently, depending on whether an affair is physical or emotional. This in turn may impact the ability and willingness to forgive.
Is it Easier to Forgive an Affair of the Heart? Gender Matters
Bendixen et al. (2017) found that heterosexual men were more likely to perceive emotional affairs as threatening to their relationships than sexual affairs.[iii] Men appeared to be more willing to forgive emotional infidelity than women, and more likely to
believe their own emotional infidelity would be forgiven. The authors note this finding is consistent with research indicating that women are more distressed by emotional affairs than men.
Miller and Baker (2017) found that men were more likely to engage in mate abandonment behavior after sexual infidelity than emotional infidelity, with this pattern reversed for women.[iv] However, when using a forced-choice measure, women chose abandonment behavior equally in response to both sexual and emotional infidelity.
They also found that men viewed partners as possessing less mate value after the partner had been unfaithful sexually as opposed to emotionally. In addition, men reported they would suffer a higher degree of emotional distress in response to sexual infidelity than women did.
Moving Forward
Couples who decide to stay together after infidelity are no doubt well aware of the importance of relational commitment and forgiveness. Thankfully, counseling is available for partners who decide to heal the relationship and move forward.
This column was originally posted on Psychology Today https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/why-bad-looks-good/201801/the-number-one-way-overcome-infidelity#_=_
References
[i] Renate Ysseldyk and Michael J.A. Wohl, ”I Forgive Therefore I´m Committed: A Longitudinal Examination of Commitment After a Romantic Relationship Transgression,” Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 44, no. 4 (2012): 257-263.
[ii] Eli J. Finkel, Caryl E. Rusbult, Madoka Kumashiro, and Peggy A. Hannon, ”Dealing With Betrayal in Close Relationships: Does Committment Promote Forgiveness?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82, no. 6 (2002): 956-974.
[iii] Mons Bendixen, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, and Trond Viggo Grøntvedt, “Forgiving the Unforgivable: Couples’ Forgiveness and Expected Forgiveness of Emotional and Sexual Infidelity From an Error Management Theory Perspective,” Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000110.
[iv] Murray G. Millar and Alyson Baker, “Behavioral Reactions to Emotional and Sexual Infidelity: Mate Abandonment Versus Mate Retention,” Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 2017, Vol. 11, No. 4, 336–340.