[This column was originally published by Truthdig.]
Does Donald Trump only say crazy things, or does he say crazy things because he actually is crazy? In a speech delivered on the third day of the Democratic National Convention, former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg openly questioned the GOP candidate's sanity on prime-time television.
More importantly, if less sensationally, the issue of Trump's emotional stability has also been raised by a growing number of influential and highly respected mental-health practitioners. They have done so out of a sense of urgency, even in the face of a code of conduct promulgated by the American Psychiatric Association that cautions psychiatrists against making public statements about public figures whom they have not formally evaluated.
Ordinarily, as someone licensed to practice law rather than psychology, I'd stay out of the debate, and remain in my comfort zone of traditional legal and political commentary, committed to exposing the policy shortcomings of both major-party candidates and their surrogates. But Donald Trump has secured the GOP nod for president. He's one election away from being the commander in chief of the most powerful nation the planet has ever seen. As such, he, like Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton, deserves heightened scrutiny, both as to policy and personality.
This column is about Trump. There will be others in the future on Clinton. And here's my take, with no punches pulled: If Trump is elected as our 45th president, he could well be the most profoundly disturbed occupant of the Oval Office since Richard Nixon, our 37th, whose extreme paranoia brought us Watergate and precipitated the most far-reaching constitutional crisis of the late 20th century.
Some readers, particularly on the progressive left who by orientation are predisposed to policy critiques, may not be comfortable with my approach. Some may even ask if it isn't a waste of time to examine the psyche of a president or a presidential hopeful, noting that even a paranoid Nixon agreed to end the Vietnam War and opened the door to normalized relations with China. So why not just stick to policy?
To such doubters, I would say that few people, including world leaders, rarely represent pure evil or insanity. Most are capable of the occasional act of goodness or kindness or wisdom, even if by accident. But to gain a more complete understanding of any person--especially someone on the national stage, who once in office will be subject to the external pressures of social and political movements and public opinion and be responsible for the well-being of millions--a more nuanced and dialectical methodology is required that takes account of both the objective and subjective realms of human interaction.
So comfort be damned. As we head for the general election in November, when it comes to the former reality-TV show host, I'm not going to be content to focus simply on what the Republican standard-bearer has to say about Mexican rapists, building a wall, Fox News' Megyn Kelly "bleeding from her whatever," New Jersey Muslims cheering the fall of the World Trade Towers, his being the "only one" who can save America from chaos, crime and radical Islamic terrorism, or any of the other abject falsehoods, outbursts and calumnies he's uttered or tweeted.
I've decided to probe the why behind such seeming lunacy. To do that, I've done something positively un-Trumpian--I've consulted the experts, and dug deeply into the public record.
Here's what I've found thus far:
The Diagnosis
A consensus has emerged that Trump suffers from narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). Unless you've tuned out of politics completely in this election year, you've no doubt heard the word "narcissist" bandied about in connection with Trump, along with labels like "bombastic," "hyperbolic" and "politically incorrect," and criticisms that he lacks the temperament and judgment to be president.
But NPD is more than a label, or a momentary mood or affect. It's a sickness.
The Mayo Clinic, in a website entry posted before Trump's current presidential bid was a twinkle in anyone's eye or a nightmare in anyone's mind, defines it thusly:
Narcissistic personality disorder is one of several types of personality disorders. Personality disorders are conditions in which people have traits that cause them to feel and behave in socially distressing ways, limiting their ability to function in relationships and other areas of their life, such as work or school.
If you have narcissistic personality disorder, you may come across as conceited, boastful or pretentious. You often monopolize conversations. You may belittle or look down on people you perceive as inferior. You may feel a sense of entitlement--and when you don't receive special treatment, you may become impatient or angry. You may insist on having 'the best' of everything--for instance, the best car, athletic club or medical care.
At the same time, you have trouble handling anything that may be perceived as criticism. You may have secret feelings of insecurity, shame, vulnerability and humiliation. To feel better, you may react with rage or contempt and try to belittle the other person to make yourself appear superior. Or you may feel depressed and moody because you fall short of perfection.
Many experts use the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, to diagnose mental conditions. This manual is also used by insurance companies to reimburse for treatment.
DSM-5 criteria for narcissistic personality disorder include these features:
● Having an exaggerated sense of self-importance.
● Expecting to be recognized as superior even without achievements that warrant it.
● Exaggerating your achievements and talents.
● Being preoccupied with fantasies about success, power, brilliance, beauty or the perfect mate.
● Believing that you are superior and can only be understood by or associate with equally special people.
● Requiring constant admiration.
● Having a sense of entitlement.
● Expecting special favors and unquestioning compliance with your expectations.
● Taking advantage of others to get what you want.
● Having an inability or unwillingness to recognize the needs and feelings of others.
● Being envious of others and believing others envy you.
● Behaving in an arrogant or haughty manner.
Although some features of narcissistic personality disorder may seem like having confidence, it's not the same. Narcissistic personality disorder crosses the border of healthy confidence into thinking so highly of yourself that you put yourself on a pedestal and value yourself more than you value others.
In a Vanity Fair article published last November, a group of six mental health professionals weighed in on the subject of Trump's narcissism, and gave the diagnosis an unequivocal thumbs-up. One interviewee, a clinical psychologist who lectures on manipulative behavior, went so far as to say of Trump: "He's so classic that I'm archiving video clips of him to use in workshops because there's no better example. ... Otherwise, I would have had to hire actors and write vignettes. He's like a dream come true."
But identifying Trump as an NPD sufferer is only the first step toward inventorying his personality. Not all versions of NPD are the same.
To some commentators--lay and expert alike, including most recently Libertarian Party vice presidential candidate William Weld, Trump presents as a "malignant" narcissist, commonly described as someone who mixes a blend of narcissism, antisocial personality disorder, aggression, lack of empathy and sadism.
Malignant narcissists take special pleasure in the humiliation of others, often in response to perceived threats and disparagements. They frequently respond with over-the-top vitriol of their own.
The New York Times keeps a running tab on Trump's verbal abuse in a feature titled "The 250 People, Places, and Things Donald Trump Has Insulted on Twitter: A Complete List." Psychologically speaking, many of Trump's barbs appear to be a form of "projection," a primitive defense mechanism long-ago identified by Sigmund Freud, whereby a person ascribes negative feelings about themselves to others. A good example--as a projection of Trump's own racism--might be his bizarre allegation that federal Judge Gonzalo Curiel, who is presiding over the Trump University litigation in San Diego, is biased against him because of his Mexican heritage.
Other experts see Trump as more of a "thin-skinned" narcissist--one who, because of severe insecurity, is easily insulted, easily hurt and lashes out at perceived enemies in order to receive reassurance and affirmation from supporters. Among those who espouse the thin-skinned assessment is Justin Frank, a Washington, D.C.-based psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and a professor at George Washington University. Frank is also the author of two popular profiles on our last two presidents--"Bush on the Couch" and "Obama on the Couch."
Frank, who has never treated Bush, Obama or Trump, explained how he goes about his trade, utilizing the techniques of "applied psychoanalysis," in an hour-long interview this March with San Francisco radio host Peter Collins.
"I look for patterns, and do a lot of careful study," Frank told Collins. "I look for what pops up over and over again to really understand people. Trump is a piece of work as a person."
Trump's narcissism, Frank continued, also combines with elements of other traits, such as paranoia, an inability to process facts, and attention-deficit disorder. Referring to Trump's loopy boast that he consults primarily with himself on foreign affairs, Frank remarked, "He's not interested in hiring anybody smarter than himself because there isn't anybody, and he's paranoid enough that he wouldn't want anybody smarter."
Regarding the GOP candidate's thought processes and unwillingness to admit to making any mistakes, Frank said, "Trump takes a preconception [for example, that Mexican rapists are streaming across the border] and turns it into an absolute fact, whereas most people have experiences that can change their preconception into a new conception. You can't argue with a narcissistic person [like him] on content."
In Frank's view, Trump's limited vocabulary--his overuse use of words like "amazing," "huge" and "winner" to describe himself, and terms like "loser" and "disgusting" to smear his foes--is typical of youngsters struggling with ADD and lack of impulse control. Like such children, he added, Trump engages in the "childlike quality" of "magical thinking" when it comes to his policy proposals. The fact that his proposals lack detail or make no objective sense is of little consequence, because his programs will be "great," as if "wishing will make it so."
Frank departs, however, from other observers on the question of whether Trump is a pathological liar. Because of his magical, childlike thinking, "Trump actually believes what he says at the moment," Frank maintained. "He lives in digital, not analog time. He doesn't think about what he said an hour ago."
Liar or not, the end result is someone entirely unsuitable for high office. "He has the brains of a big man, but the maturity of an 8-year-old," Frank said, summing up. "And those people are very dangerous potentially."
The Experience of Tony Schwartz and the Art of the Deal
If Trump, who is 70 years old, in fact has NPD, the malady should have shown up long before his current presidential run.
From all appearances, it did. Just ask Tony Schwartz, the co-author of Trump's signature memoir, "The Art of the Deal," originally released by Random House in 1987.
No other piece of publicity did more than this book to catapult Trump into the limelight as a world-class celebrity, endowing him with the glittering image of the consummate, swashbuckling deal-maker, who always walks away from high-stakes negotiations richer and stronger than anyone else.
Schwartz first came to Trump's notice after he had written an exposé for New York magazine in 1985 about the real estate mogul's protracted battle to evict a group of rent-controlled tenants from a building he had purchased and planned to redevelop on Manhattan's Central Park South. Although the article was extremely unflattering, the magazine pasted his photo on the cover. The resulting publicity was enough for Trump to seek out Schwartz and offer him a lucrative deal to ghostwrite his life story.
Although the ensuing collaboration netted Schwartz a half-million-dollar advance and copious royalties, Schwartz has regretted the undertaking ever since. "I put lipstick on a pig," he confessed to New Yorker staff writer Jane Mayer in a tell-all interview published in late July.
Schwartz told Mayer, in sum and substance, that the best-selling book is a fraud, much like its subject. Instead of a "charmingly brash entrepreneur with an unfailing knack for business," as depicted in the book, Trump, said Schwartz, is a human "black hole," a man with no real friends, fixated on publicity, motivated by "gaudy, tacky, gigantic obsessions," with "an absolute lack of interest in anything beyond power and money."
As Trump's presidential bid gained traction, Schwartz decided to go public with his misgivings. "I feel a deep sense of remorse that I contributed to presenting Trump in a way that brought him wider attention and made him more appealing than he is," he said. "I genuinely believe that if Trump wins and gets the nuclear codes there is an excellent possibility it will lead to the end of civilization."
Schwartz also told Mayer that he kept a diary of his dealings with Trump over the 18 months that he tagged along with him to business meetings and listened in on phone conversations to acquire material for the book. From those notes and his recollection, he explained, in terms strikingly similar to the Mayo Clinic's description of NPD and standard definitions of ADD, that Trump "was like a kindergartner who can't sit still in a classroom. It was impossible to keep him focused on any topic, other than his own self-aggrandizement."
Schwartz related that Trump spoke to him, much as he does on the campaign trail, in "cryptic, monosyllabic statements." His short attention span left Trump, in Schwartz's view, with "a stunning level of superficial knowledge and plain ignorance. ... If he had to be briefed on a crisis in the Situation Room, it's impossible to imagine him paying attention over a long period of time."
Equally worrying from a public-interest standpoint, according to Schwartz, was the way Trump was always "playing people," easily segueing from "flattery" to "bullying."
Even worse--and here, there is a slight variance from Dr. Frank's analysis--was Trump's dishonesty. "Lying is second nature to him," Schwartz said to Mayer. "More than anyone else I have ever met, Trump has the ability to convince himself that whatever he is saying at any given moment is true, or sort of true, or ought to be true." When confronted with contrary evidence, Schwartz elaborated, Trump would "double-down, repeat himself, and grow belligerent."
In keeping with that belligerence, Trump has responded to Schwartz's revelations with a cease-and-desist letter penned by the chief legal officer of the Trump Organization, demanding that Schwartz stop giving interviews about his experiences writing "The Art of the Deal" and forfeit all royalties. Schwartz has hired an attorney to defend himself.
The Mass Psychology of Fascism
Understanding Trump's personal pathology is essential to any assessment of his fitness for office. But understanding the GOP nominee is only part of the task of combatting his presidential aspirations. To fully comprehend Trump and the social and political dangers he represents, it's necessary to understand the appeal he has for millions of his core supporters.
To be sure, there are some legitimate reasons that explain why some have embraced Trump: The uneven economic recovery that has left large swaths of the working and middle classes behind is one. Another is the failure of neoliberalism, represented by Hillary Clinton and the Democratic leadership, which appears to many as a corrupt philosophy of governance incapable of addressing genuine popular needs. There are also some open, obvious and unsavory reasons for Trump's popularity rooted in racism and ethnic nationalism, as exemplified by his racially tinged campaign slogan, aimed mainly at disaffected blue-collar whites, to "Make America Great Again."
But at the same time, there is something percolating underneath the surface at an unconscious level beyond economic distress, racism and social nostalgia that keeps a candidate who should be consigned to the margins of political life in the thick of the presidential race. What is it that explains the allure that a TV strongman, a clone, some say, of Benito Mussolini, holds for broad segments of the working class, who buy into the myth of Trump as an anti-establishment champion (a "blue-collar billionaire," to quote his son Eric) when he is in truth precisely the opposite?
The Marxist psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich struggled to understand a similar question as he tried to come to terms with the rise of Nazism and Stalinism in the 1930s. The answer, Reich posited in his classic work, "The Mass Psychology of Fascism," lies with the authoritarian and hierarchical structures of the patriarchal family, the dominance of the father as moral law giver and bulwark against external danger. In times of extreme social stress, dislocation and fear, especially in the absence of viable alternatives, large numbers instinctively turn to figures of authority for protection, heedless of the disastrous consequences.
As University of California professor George Lakoff, a specialist in cognitive linguistics, described the phenomenon in a recent Huffington Post blog: "In the strict father family, father knows best. He knows right from wrong and has the ultimate authority to make sure his children and his spouse do what he says, which is taken to be what is right. ... Fear tends to activate desire for a strong strict father--namely, Trump."
A study completed this winter by Matthew McWilliams, a Ph.D. candidate in political science at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, further underscored the authoritarian bent of Trump's base. In a sampling of 1,800 registered voters across the country and the political spectrum, McWilliams found that only two variables had a statistically significant bearing on a voter's preference for Trump: authoritarianism, followed by fear of terrorism.
Northwestern University psychology professor Dan P. McAdams also explored the authoritarian strain among Trump supporters in The Atlantic magazine's June cover story.
And therein lies the rub for the rest of us. In Donald Trump, one of our two major parties has nominated for the highest office in the land a deeply troubled and volatile man with the potential to attract and unleash the darkest undercurrents of the nation's soul. However you decide to vote come November, you can't in good conscience help to elect him.