manhattan project

J. Robert Oppenheimer was a man interested in mystic Eastern religions, a Communist sympathizer, and widely considered, "the father of the atomic bomb."
As a second generation American, I am grateful for the opportunities with which I am blessed today. For this column, I decided to profile some women immigrants who contributed significantly to our country.
It seemed the bombs had been worth it, saving countless American (and Japanese) lives, seeing that a major invasion of the Japanese home islands was no longer needed.  But was the A-bomb truly decisive in convincing the Japanese to surrender?
A little over 70 years ago, Paul Olum stood with his colleagues in the desert near Alamogordo, NM. They had spent the last few years designing the first atomic bomb. Six days after the bombing of Nagasaki, World War II was over -- and Paul Olum became a lifelong advocate of nuclear arms control and disarmament.
It was seventy years ago that human beings were first targeted with -- and annihilated by -- an atomic bomb.
For scientists, the internet is now a communal research group. This learning and group communication mode is becoming known as "collective intelligence" and "crowd-sourced innovation."