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Que faire pour éviter l'échec de la Conférence de Paris sur le climat?

Quoi qu'on dise, quoi qu'on fasse, depuis le premier jour de la Conférence de Paris sur le climat deux écoles de pensées s'affrontent : l'une représentée par le président français François Hollande qui souhaite un accord sur le climat contraignant; l'autre par le secrétaire des Nations unies Ban Ki-moon qui veut un accord non contraignant.
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Quoi qu'on dise, quoi qu'on fasse, depuis le premier jour de la Conférence de Paris sur le climat deux écoles de pensées s'affrontent : l'une représentée par le président français François Hollande qui souhaite un accord sur le climat contraignant; l'autre par le secrétaire des Nations unies Ban Ki-moon qui veut un accord non contraignant. C'est pourquoi la conférence de Paris sur le climat doit rendre plus vivant et dynamique le principe des responsabilités communes mais différenciées et obtenir des engagements couvrant les trois quarts des émissions de CO2 pour atteindre l'objectif de limitation de 2 degrés Celsius. En 2012, les États-Unis, la Chine et l'Europe représentaient plus de 50% des émissions énergétiques de CO2 mondiales (voir Tableau 1). Cet état de situation oblige l'Europe à se présenter à la conférence de Paris sur le climat avec des propositions d'un projet énergétique commun d'émissions. Depuis 2010, les subventions nationales aux énergies renouvelables au secteur électrique européen ainsi que l'évolution relative des prix du gaz et du charbon ont entraîné une perte de compétitivité de l'économie européenne comparée à celles de l'Amérique du Nord et de l'Asie.

De la conférence de Rio de 1992 à celle de Copenhague 2009, l'approche globale et contraignante du protocole de Kyoto n'a pas convaincu les pays du Sud. De ce fait, la question du financement de la transition énergétique est toujours d'actualité, à commencer par l'abondement du Fonds vert climat promis à Copenhague, en 2009. Sur la base des évaluations de l'OCDE, les 100 milliards de dollars Climat annuels promis par les pays du Nord vers les pays du Sud en 2020, dans le cadre du Fonds vert, doivent désormais pouvoir être atteints (voir graphique 1) pour lutter contre les changements climatiques.

La conférence de Paris sur le climat doit innover pour rendre les investissements dans la transition énergétique plus attractifs. De nouveaux actifs financiers pourraient être créés sous la forme de certificats d'émissions CO2 évitées garantis, adossés à une garantie de l'État sur sa valeur aligné sur la valeur de référence du carbone. Ces certificats pourraient servir de base à de nouveaux circuits de financement pour mieux diriger l'épargne des ménages et les crédits bancaires vers des investissements bas carbone de long terme, tout en incitant les États à établir des mécanismes assurant la hausse progressive du prix du carbone.

Cette approche nécessite d'attribuer une valeur à la tonne d'équivalent CO2 évitée et de déterminer le volume d'actifs carbone dont la valeur serait garantie par les États au niveau de la valeur sociale du carbone. Cette valeur de référence du carbone sera utile pour les choix d'investissement des entreprises et des administrations dans chaque pays sans tarification du carbone ou avec des mécanismes de prix du carbone inefficaces.

Ce que doit permettre l'accord de Paris du le climat, c'est de faciliter l'émergence de signaux économiques sur le long terme pour inciter les décideurs à réaliser la transition écologique et énergétique et financer leurs actions. La constitution entre 2015 et 2020 d'un marché transcontinental du carbone (voir Carte 1) sera un pas dans la bonne direction puisqu'il permettra de faire émerger un prix international de référence du carbone ; d'intégrer dans les coûts la valeur accordée à la protection du climat et de favoriser des initiatives de transition énergétique compatibles avec la maîtrise du risque climatique.

Ce futur marché transcontinental du carbone exige de mettre en place une gouvernance du changement climatique. Pour ce faire, il ne faudra rien de moins qu'un système de comptabilisation des émissions de CO2 pour tous les États, harmonisé à l'échelle internationale. Depuis la conférence de Copenhague, les négociations sur le climat sont confrontées à une géopolitique dure. Le PIB, la structure de l'économie, le mix énergétique, les ressources, le niveau de développement, l'organisation du territoire ou la position géographique d'un pays sont autant de facteurs qui façonnent la gouvernance du changement climatique.

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President Barack Obama, left, sits with French President Francois Hollande, right, as they have dinner at the Ambroisie restaurant in Paris, France, with Secretary of State John Kerry, 2nd right, French Minister for Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy Segolene Royal, 3rd right, and French Foreign Minister, Laurent Fabius, 3rd left, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. Obama is in France for a two-day visit as part of the COP21, the United Nations Climate Change conference. Other officials are : Translator, Thomas Ronkin, 2nd left, Charles Kupchan, top left, and French President Hollande's Military Chief of Staff General Benoit Puga, top right. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus, Pool) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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President Barack Obama, left, points out a microphone above French President Francois Hollande's head, right, as they have dinner at the Ambroisie restaurant in Paris, France, with Secretary of State John Kerry, 2nd right, French Minister for Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy Segolene Royal, 3rd right, and French Foreign Minister, Laurent Fabius, 3rd left, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. Obama is in France for a two-day visit as part of the COP21, the United Nations Climate Change conference. Other officials are : Charles Kupchan, top left, and French President Hollande's Military Chief of Staff General Benoit Puga, top right. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus, Pool) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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President Barack Obama, 2nd left, points out a microphone above French President Francois Hollande's head, right, as they have dinner at the Ambroisie restaurant in Paris, France, with French Prime Minister, Manuel Valls, left, Secretary of State John Kerry, 2nd right, French Minister for Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy Segolene Royal, 3rd right, and French Foreign Minister, Laurent Fabius, 3rd left, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. Obama is in France for a two-day visit as part of the COP21, the United Nations Climate Change conference. Other officials are : Charles Kupchan, top left, and French President Hollande's Military Chief of Staff General Benoit Puga, top right. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus, Pool) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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President Barack Obama, left, sits with French President Francois Hollande, right, as they have dinner at the Ambroisie restaurant in Paris, France, with Secretary of State John Kerry, 2nd right, French Minister for Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy Segolene Royal, 3rd right, and French Foreign Minister, Laurent Fabius, 2nd left, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. Obama is in France for a two-day visit as part of the COP21, the United Nations Climate Change conference. Other officials are : Charles Kupchan, top left, and French President Hollande's Military Chief of Staff General Benoit Puga, top right. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus, Pool) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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President Barack Obama, second left, sits with French President Francois Hollande, second right, as they have dinner at the Ambroisie restaurant in Paris, France, with Secretary of State John Kerry, right, and French Foreign Minister, Laurent Fabius, top 2nd right, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. Obama is in France for a two-day visit as part of the COP21, the United Nations Climate Change conference. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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French President Francois Hollande, left, greets U.S. President Barack Obama as he arrives for the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Christophe Ena, Pool) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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U.S. President Barack Obama, left, shakes hands with Chinese President Xi Jinping during their meeting held on the sidelines of the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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President Barack Obama delivers remarks during the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, on Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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U.S. President Barack Obama, right, meets with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, on Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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President Barack Obama, right, shakes hands with Bill Gates after delivering remarks during a Mission Innovation event at COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, on Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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German Chancellor Angela Merkel, left, is greeted by U.S. President Barack Obama after he delivered remarks during the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, on Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Thailand's Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-Ocha addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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French President Francois Hollande, right, speaks with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (Philippe Wojazer, Pool via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Russian President Vladimir Putin, right, and South Korea's President Park Geun-hye meet on the sidelines of the COP21 UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris, France, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (Mikhail Klimentyev/Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe speaks with Norway's Prime Minister Erna Solberg during the 'Mission Innovation: Accelerating the Clean Energy Revolution' meeting at the COP2, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, north of Paris, Monday, Nov. 30 2015. (Ian Langsdon, Pool photo via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Bill Gates delivers a speech during the 'Mission Innovation: Accelerating the Clean Energy Revolution' meeting at the COP2, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, north of Paris, Monday, Nov. 30 2015. (Ian Langsdon, Pool photo via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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From the left, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, French President Francois Hollande, Brazilian President Dilma Roussef, and Chilean President Michelle Bachelet attend the 'Mission Innovation: Accelerating the Clean Energy Revolution' meeting at the COP2, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, north of Paris, Monday, Nov. 30 2015. (Ian Langsdon, Pool photo via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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From the left, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Microsoft CEO Bill Gates, US President Barack Obama, French President Francois Hollande and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi wave during the 'Mission Innovation: Accelerating the Clean Energy Revolution' meeting at the COP2, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, north of Paris, Monday, Nov. 30 2015. (Ian Langsdon, Pool photo via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Sweden's Prime Minister Stefan Lofven addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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British Prime Minister David Cameron addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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European Commission President Jean Claude Junker addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Paraguay's President Horacio Cartes delivers a speech at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (Eric Feferberg/Pool Photo via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan delivers his statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, France, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Yasin Bulbul, Presidential Press Service, Pool) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Norway's Prime Minister Erna Solberg delivers her statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Francois Mori) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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U.S. President Barack Obama holds a cup during a session at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (Eric Feferberg/Pool Photo via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon delivers a speech at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (Eric Feferberg/Pool Photo via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Cambodia's King Norodom Sihamoni addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Iraqi President Fuad Masum delivers his statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Francois Mori) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Gabon's President Ali Bongo Ondimba delivers his statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Francois Mori) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Egypt's President Abdel Fattah Al Sissi addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Afghanistan's President Mohammad Ashraf Ghani addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhar, left, delivers his statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Francois Mori) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Philippines President Benigno Aquino III delivers his statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Francois Mori) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Finland's President Sauli Niinisto delivers his statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Francois Mori) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Ukraine 's President Petro Poroshenko delivers his statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Francois Mori) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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President of the Marshall Islands Christopher J. Loeak addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Panama's President Juan Carlos Varela Rodriguez addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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New Zealand's Prime Minister John Key addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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CORRECTS ID Armenia's president Serzh Sargsyan addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas delivers his statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Francois Mori) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, left, and French President Francois Hollande, center, welcome U.S. President Barack Obama as he arrives for the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (Guillaume Horcajuelo/Pool via AP) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Hungary's President Janos Ader addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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U.S. President Barack Obama waits for his turn to speak during the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, on Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
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Russian President Vladimir Putin addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
France Climate Countdown(48 of50)
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Bolivia's President Evo Morales makes his statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Francois Mori) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
France Climate Countdown(49 of50)
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German Chancellor Angela Merkel addresses world leaders at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)
France Climate Countdown(50 of50)
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Brazil's President Dilma Rousseff makes a statement at the COP21, United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Le Bourget, outside Paris, Monday, Nov. 30, 2015. (AP Photo/Francois Mori) (credit:ASSOCIATED PRESS)

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