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Cour Suprême américaine: les sénateurs sont tombés sur la tête

Alors que la tempête Trump désole les primaires républicaines, une autre bataille politique fait rage à Washington: la nomination de Merrick Garland à la Cour Suprême...
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Alors que la tempête Trump désole les primaires républicaines, une autre bataille politique fait rage à Washington: la nomination de Merrick Garland à la Cour Suprême, en remplacement du très conservateur Antonin Scalia, décédé en février dernier.

Selon la Constitution des États-Unis, c'est le président qui nomme les juges de la Cour Suprême, nomination qui doit être ratifiée par le Sénat. La majorité républicaine au Sénat, rangée derrière son chef, le très conservateur Mitch McConnell du Kentucky, a d'ores et déjà annoncé qu'elle rejetterait la nomination du juge Garland, sans même lui accorder d'audience. De réputation centriste et doté d'une expérience louée par ses pairs, Merrick Garland était pourtant un candidat consensuel: le président avait fait un choix non partisan qui aurait dû satisfaire démocrates comme républicains.

L'attitude de la majorité républicaine méprise très largement les règles constitutionnelles et les pouvoirs de nomination du président. Selon Mitch McConnell, puisque «la voix du peuple» s'exprimera lors de l'élection de novembre prochain, il appartient logiquement au nouveau président de nommer le remplaçant d'Antonin Scalia. L'argument se présente comme démocratique: les électeurs américains se prononceront sur l'avenir de leur pays en novembre, la composition de la Cour Suprême doit donc refléter leur choix. Sauf que la Constitution ne dit absolument rien d'une telle entorse aux pouvoirs du président en place: le président nomme les juges à tout moment de son mandat -le fait qu'il n'ait plus que quelques mois à passer à la Maison-Blanche ne le prive en aucun cas de cette prérogative.

En exerçant leur pouvoir de nuisance, les sénateurs signifient à Obama qu'ils ne lui accorderont pas cette dernière victoire. En refusant de confirmer la nomination de Merrick Garland, ils prennent cependant le risque de voir Hillary Clinton, si elle était élue en novembre prochain, nommer un juge résolument libéral. Afin d'éviter ce scénario, certains républicains ont donc émis la possibilité de simplement repousser le vote de confirmation de Merrick Garland après l'élection, ce que l'intransigeant Mitch McConnell a catégoriquement refusé.

Dans un message télévisé daté du 19 mars, Barack Obama, qui exhortait les sénateurs à s'extraire des querelles partisanes, a estimé que la Cour Suprême devait être «haut-dessus de la politique», pas un «prolongement de la politique».

Or, ce n'est pas le cas: la Cour est une institution éminemment politique. Le mandat à vie des juges est certes une garantie de leur indépendance, mais il va de soi qu'indépendance ne veut pas dire neutralité. La Cour Suprême a joué un rôle moteur dans les grandes avancées de la société américaine au 20e siècle: de la déségrégation des écoles publiques du Sud en 1954 au droit à avortement en 1973, jusqu'au maintien d'Obamacare -dont la constitutionnalité a été mainte fois attaquée par les parlementaires républicains- en 2015.

Les nominations des juges, qui disposent d'un mandat à vie, ont toujours été éminemment politiques: leurs préférences idéologiques définissent les grandes orientations de la vie politique et sociale américaine pendant des décennies. La composition idéologique de la Cour Suprême, traditionnellement divisée entre une aile libérale et une aile plus conservatrice, n'est ainsi pas anodine. De fait, les présidents prennent soin de choisir des juges aux tendances idéologiques similaires aux leurs, comme Richard Nixon en 1971, avec la nomination des juges conservateurs Powell et Rehnquist, ou encore George H. Bush en 191 avec la nomination de Clarence Thomas. Si le centriste Garland remplaçait Antonin Scalia, le poids de l'aile conservatrice de la Cour se trouverait significativement réduit.

La Cour a enfin besoin d'une majorité minimale de cinq membres pour opérer: l'avis d'un seul juge peut donc être décisif dans la décision finale. Le siège de Scalia étant resté vacant, la Cour, actuellement composée de huit membres, peut se trouver en mal de majorité. Le 29 mars, les juges ont été incapables de dégager une majorité au cours d'un jugement sur les syndicats d'enseignants en Californie. Cette configuration de quatre contre quatre, qui rend impossible toute décision finale de la Cour, risque de se reproduire jusqu'à la nomination d'un neuvième juge, que les républicains refusent à Obama.

Avec Donald Trump à deux doigts de la Maison-Blanche et un Congrès déchiré par les luttes partisanes, les États-Unis n'ont pourtant vraiment pas besoin d'une troisième institution au bord de l'implosion.

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NEW YORK, NY - MARCH 07: Former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton arrives at the event 'Equality for Women is Progress for All' at the United Nations on March 7, 2014 in New York City. The event was part of the United Nations International Women's Day, which is celebrated tomorrow, March 8. (Photo by Andrew Burton/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - MARCH 07: United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon (L) and Former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton attend the event 'Equality for Women is Progress for All' at the United Nations on March 7, 2014 in New York City. (Photo by Andrew Burton/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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MIAMI, FL - FEBRUARY 26: Hillary Rodham Clinton, Former Secretary of State flashes a U symbol before speaking speaking during an event at the University of Miamis BankUnited Center on February 26, 2014 in Coral Gables, Florida. Clinton is reported to be mulling a second presidential run. (Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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CORAL GABLES, FL - FEBRUARY 26: Hillary Rodham Clinton, Former Secretary of State (L) speaks with Donna E. Shalala, President of the University of Miami, during an event at the University of Miamis BankUnited Center on February 26, 2014 in Coral Gables, Florida. Clinton is reported to be mulling a second presidential run. (Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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WASHINGTON, DC - FEBRUARY 25: Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (L) presents the Hillary Rodham Clinton Awards for Advancing Women in Peace and Security to Dr. Denis Mukwege (C), founder of Panzi Hospital in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with Georgetown University President John DeGioia (R) at Georgetown University February 25, 2014 in Washington, DC. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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WASHINGTON, DC - FEBRUARY 25: Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton speaks during the presentation of the Hillary Rodham Clinton Awards for Advancing Women in Peace and Security at Georgetown University February 25, 2014 in Washington, DC. The award was presented to British Foreign Secretary William Hague and to Dr. Denis Mukwege, founder of Panzi Hospital in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - FEBRUARY 13: Secretary Hillary Rodham Clinton joins Melinda Gates in a discussion at New York University and moderated by Chelsea Clinton concerning the use of data to advance the global progress for women and girls on February 13, 2014 in New York City. The discussion, in front of an audience of NYU faculty and students, touched on ways to get more women in positions of power in both business and government. The event also marked the launch of a new partnership between the Clinton Foundation and the Gates Foundation. (Photo by Spencer Platt/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - FEBRUARY 04: Former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton attends a roundtable discussion held by Univision between parents of elementary school children and politicians regarding language learning and preschool on February 4, 2014 in New York City. Many states, New York included, are on the path to creating preschool education for children under the age of five. (Photo by Andrew Burton/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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UN Secretary-General Ban Ki- moon (2nd R) meets with UN Women Executive Director Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka (L), former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (2nd L) and her daughter Chelsea Clinton at United Nations headquarters in New York on February 4, 2014. (Photo credit should read TIMOTHY A. CLARY/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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NEW ORLEANS, LA - JANUARY 27: Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton speaks at the 10th National Automobile Dealers Association Convention on January 27, 2014 in New Orleans, Louisiana. According to reports, Clinton said during a question and answer session at the convention that he biggest regret was the attack on Americans in Benghazi. (Photo by Sean Gardner/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Former US President Bill Clinton (C), his wife Hillary Rodham Clinton (R) and New York Governor Andrew Cupomo (L) arrive for the inauguration of New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio on the steps of City Hall in Lower Manhattan on January 1, 2014 in New York. Democrat De Blasio is sworn in as mayor of New York in a ceremony on the steps of city hall overseen by former US President Bill Clinton. (Photo credit should read STAN HONDA/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton arrives for the memorial service of South African former president Nelson Mandela at the FNB Stadium (Soccer City) in Johannesburg on December 10, 2013. (Photo credit should read ODD ANDERSEN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA - DECEMBER 10: Former U.S. President Bill Clinton and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton leave the official memorial service for former South African President Nelson Mandela at FNB Stadium December 10, 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa. (Photo by Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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WASHINGTON, DC - DECEMBER 06: While delivering remarks, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton receives a standing ovation after being presented the 2013 Tom Lantos Human Rights Prize December 6, 2013 in Washington, DC. Clinton received the award for her work in the areas of women's rights and internet freedom. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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WASHINGTON, DC - DECEMBER 06: Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (R) is presented the 2013 Tom Lantos Human Rights Prize by Annette Lantos (L) December 6, 2013 in Washington, DC. Clinton received the award for her work in the areas of women's rights and internet freedom. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton greets well-wishers after receiving the 2013 Lantos Human Rights Prize during a ceremony on Capitol Hill in Washington on December 6, 2013. (Photo credit should read NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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WASHINGTON, DC - DECEMBER 06: Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (C), former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright (R), and Annette Lantos bow their heads during a moment of silence for former South African President Nelson Mandela before Clinton was presented the 2013 Tom Lantos Human Rights Prize December 6, 2013 in Washington, DC. Clinton received the award for her work in the areas of women's rights and internet freedom. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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WASHINGTON, DC - DECEMBER 06: Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (R) embraces Katrina Lantos Swett (L), President of the Lantos Foundation, before Clinton was presented the 2013 Tom Lantos Human Rights Prize December 6, 2013 in Washington, DC. Clinton received the award for her work in the areas of women's rights and internet freedom. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton speaks with Rwandan 2011 Lantos Human Rights Prize laureate Paul Rusesabagina after receiving the 2013 Lantos Human Rights Prize during a ceremony on Capitol Hill in Washington on December 6, 2013. (Photo credit should read NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton smiles after receiving the 2013 Lantos Human Rights Prize during a ceremony on Capitol Hill in Washington on December 6, 2013. (Photo credit should read NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - DECEMBER 03: Global Impact Award Recipient Hillary Rodham Clinton speaks during Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation's Global Impact Award Gala Dinner Honoring Hillary Clinton at Best Buy Theater on December 3, 2013 in New York City. (Photo by Cindy Ord/Getty Images for Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation) (credit:Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - DECEMBER 03: (L-R) Journalist Diane Sawyer, President, EGPAF Board of Trustees Willow Bay and Global Impact Award Recipient Hillary Rodham Clinton speak on stage during Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation's Global Impact Award Gala Dinner Honoring Hillary Clinton at Best Buy Theater on December 3, 2013 in New York City. (Photo by Cindy Ord/Getty Images for Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation) (credit:Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - DECEMBER 03: (L-R) EGPAF Ambassadors Fortunata Kasege, Florida Mwesiga, EGPAF Celebrity Ambassador Fatima Ptacek, Global Impact Award Recipient Hillary Rodham Clinton, Ginny Courtney, EGPAF Ambassador Florence Ngobeni-Allen attend Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation's Global Impact Award Gala Dinner Honoring Hillary Clinton at Best Buy Theater on December 3, 2013 in New York City. (Photo by Gary Gershoff/Getty Images for Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation) (credit:Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - DECEMBER 03: (L-R) Cristen Barker, Global Impact Award Recipient Hillary Rodham Clinton and Photographer Nigel Barker attend Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation's Global Impact Award Gala Dinner Honoring Hillary Clinton at Best Buy Theater on December 3, 2013 in New York City. (Photo by Gary Gershoff/Getty Images for Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation) (credit:Getty Images)
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WASHINGTON, DC - NOVEMBER 20: Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton greets guests before U.S. President Barack Obama awarded former U.S. President Bill Clinton the Presidential Medal of Freedom in the East Room at the White House on November 20, 2013 in Washington, DC. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Former U.S. president Bill Clinton and former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton take part in a wreath-laying ceremony in honor of the late U.S. President John F. Kennedy at Arlington National Cemetery on November 20, 2013 in Arlington, Virginia. (Photo credit should read MANDEL NGAN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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U.S. President Barack Obama(2nd-L), First Lady Michelle Obama(L) along with former president Bill Clinton(3rd-L) and former secretary of state Hillary Clinton(4th-L) take part in a wreath-laying ceremony in honour of the late 35th president of the U.S. John F. Kennedy at Kennedy's gravesite in Arlington National Cemetery on November 20, 2013 in Arlington, Virginia. (Photo credit should read MANDEL NGAN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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Former U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton (R), her daughter Chelsea Clinton (2nd R) and Clinton personal aide Huma Abedin (behind) make their way from the East Room following the Medal of Freedom presentation ceremony at the White House on November 20, 2013 in Washington, DC. The Medal of Freedom is the country's highest civilian honor. (Photo credit should read MANDEL NGAN/AFP/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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WASHINGTON, DC - NOVEMBER 20: Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (R) and her daughter Chelsea (L) greet guests before U.S. President Barack Obama awarded former U.S. President Bill Clinton the Presidential Medal of Freedom in the East Room at the White House on November 20, 2013 in Washington, DC. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)
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NEW YORK, NY - NOVEMBER 19: (L-R) Oscar de la Renta, Hillary Rodham Clinton and Her Majesty Queen Sofia of Spain attend the Queen Sofia Spanish Institute 2013 Gold Medal Gala at The Waldorf=Astoria on November 19, 2013 in New York City. (Photo by Andrew H. Walker/Getty Images) (credit:Getty Images)

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-- Cet article fait partie des archives en ligne du HuffPost Canada, qui ont fermé en 2021. Si vous avez des questions ou des préoccupations, veuillez consulter notre FAQ ou contacter support@huffpost.com.